Essay 9

Aristotle introduces a number of important distinctions in the first part of Book III in part to justify and motivate an inquiry into the specific virtues, since there would be little point in discussing them if they weren't genuinely up to us. In light of his discussion, illustrate each of the following by giving, in each case, an example 'X'; but use your own examples, not Aristotle's.

• X is voluntary:
• X is forced:
• X is caused by ignorance:
• X is done in ignorance:
• X allows both pity and pardon:
• X is involuntary:
• X is nonvoluntary:
• X is decided:
• X is deliberated upon:
• X is wished upon: