Case III

For this case, assume and apply one of the utilitarian theories we've examined during our discussion of the utilitarian framework. That is, pick one of the theories from the following list as your theoretical assumption in constructing your argument showing how the theory answers the question, below, posed by the following case.

1. Eudaimonic Act Utilitarianism (EAU, also what we have been calling Classical Utilitarianism)
2. Hedonic Act Utilitarianism (HAU)
3. Qualified Hedonic Act Utilitarianism (QHAU)
4. Ideal Act Utilitarianism (IAU)
5. Preferential Act Utilitarianism (PAU)
6. Eudaimonic Rule Utilitarianism (ERU)
7. Hedonic Rule Utilitarianism (HRU)
8. Qualified Hedonic Rule Utilitarianism (QHRL)
9. Ideal Rule Utilitarianism (IRU)
10. Preferential Rule Utilitarianism (PRU)

The Photojournalist's Dilemma

Photojournalists capture images that tell a story more powerfully than words. Some insist that photojournalists are necessarily observers rather than participants, removed from the subjects they photograph, documenting rather than intervening. Others accuse photojournalists of emotional manipulation and moral indifference. Controversy surrounding the picture that won the 1994 Pulitzer Prize for Photography demonstrates this tension.

Kevin Carter, a free-lance photographer, was among a group of passionate and idealistic young South African photojournalists. Nicknamed "the Bang-Bang Club" by a Johannesburg magazine for the perilous nature of their work, their mission was to make the world aware of issues of injustice. Despite imprisonment and death, they opened the eyes of the world to the appalling human suffering in Africa caused by the brutality of apartheid, war, deadly township violence, vigilante justice, and famine.

In the village of Ayod in Sudan, Carter photographed masses of starving people at a feeding station. Overwhelmed by the endless misery he saw, Carter wandered away from the feeding station into the bush. Following sounds of soft whimpering, he came upon a tiny Sudanese child, emaciated from starvation, crawling toward the feeding center. Carter decided to photograph the child. As he was doing so, a well-fed vulture landed a few feet away and began to stalk the child. Carter photographed the vulture stalking the child for several minutes, patiently hoping that the vulture would spread its wings, thereby enabling Carter to get a more dramatic shot.. It did not and Carter eventually shooed the bird away. He sat beneath a tree and cried, watching as the child continued to struggle toward the center. It is not known if the child survived.

Carter's powerful image became an immediate symbol of Africa's desperation, and won Carter the 1994 Pulitzer Prize for Photography. Although acclaimed by many, much of the response was critical for publishing this photo and awarding it the Pulitzer Prize. Carter was angrily criticized because he took the picture but did not assist the child, although she was one among thousands of refugees crawling toward the center. Some, however, hailed Carter's photo as a powerful catalyst that triggered world response to the famine in the Sudan, resulting in raised awareness and substantial contributions for famine relief.

(photo)

Question: It is often said that the first duty of the photojournalist is to document without interceding, yet was it morally permissible for Carter to take the photo as he did without intervening to rescue the child?